In particular, the new active antenna beam-based physical layer RAN design allows operation in higher frequencies up to mmWaves with wider bandwidths. The 5G system architecture including the 5GC became available from 2020 as standalone enabling the deployment of private enterprise and industrial 5G networks (Parkvall et al., 2017). Many of these breakthroughs will require continuing up-front investments in R&D by the industry. The fifth generation of mobile technologies – 5G – connects people, things, data, applications, transport systems and cities in smart networked communication environments.

As a recent example, the US “Clean network initiative” in 2020 addressed the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights, and principled collaboration to free the world from authoritarian malign actors . These developments raise the question of the possible fragmentation of the 6G standardization. For 5G, the ITU-R vision framework for international mobile telecommunications IMT-2020 and beyond presented in (ITU-R, 2020) adopted a service-centric approach to the 5G use case definition. The fifth generation mobile network 5G new radio solution was standardized by 3GPP in release 15 and commercially deployed in 2019 based on the non-standalone architecture where a 5G radio access network operates on a legacy 4G LTE core network. Innovations in a new user equipment , radio access network , and 5G core designs enable substantial improvements across the main service domains eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC.

Mobile technology: A tool for healthcare and a boon in pandemic

Technological utopianism refers to the belief that technological development is a moral good, which can and should bring about a utopia, that is, a society in which laws, governments, and social conditions serve the needs of all its citizens. Examples of techno-utopian goals include post-scarcity economics, life extension, mind uploading, cryonics, and the creation of artificial superintelligence. Major techno-utopian movements include transhumanism and singularitarianism. All of these have had a significant impact on the environment of the earth. As technology has advanced, so has the negative environmental impact, with the releasing of greenhouse gases, like methane and carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect, gradually heating the earth and causing global warming. The revolution in the automobile industry from the early years to now with greener, electric, high-technology cars.

Researchers agree that it is important to create learning environments that meet the learning needs and preferences of a specific generation to make the learning process more productive. Different studies on using mobile applications in the process of vocabulary acquisition were conducted. On the basis of their results and the results of the current preliminary study, it might be concluded that the use of mobile devices in EFL classes is effective in improving student vocabulary knowledge. At the same time, the results indicate that being a Generation Z student does not make him/her automatically interested in using mobile applications in the process of language acquisition. There is still a noticeable number of students who prefer learning languages through traditional methods.