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In particular, the new active antenna beam-based physical layer RAN design allows operation in higher frequencies up to mmWaves with wider bandwidths. The 5G system architecture including the 5GC became available from 2020 as standalone enabling the deployment of private enterprise and industrial 5G networks (Parkvall et al., 2017). Many of these breakthroughs will require continuing up-front investments in R&D by the industry. The fifth generation of mobile technologies – 5G – connects people, things, data, applications, transport systems and cities in smart networked communication environments.

As a recent example, the US “Clean network initiative” in 2020 addressed the long-term threat to data privacy, security, human rights, and principled collaboration to free the world from authoritarian malign actors . These developments raise the question of the possible fragmentation of the 6G standardization. For 5G, the ITU-R vision framework for international mobile telecommunications IMT-2020 and beyond presented in (ITU-R, 2020) adopted … Read more