Given the features of mobile technology in language learning claimed above, this study focused on just mobile technology. Additionally, although these reviews added understanding to the self-directed learning strategies using technology, they did not differentiate between teacher-initiated or student-initiated, nor in class or out of class learning. Considering the popularity of students-initiated exposure to foreign languages outside class and the significance of self-directed learning approach, it is essential to understand how students conduct their learning in a self-initiated and out-of-class way. Moreover, these above-mentioned strategies examined in previous review studies are not about foreign language learning.

• It would be impractical to give every customer a unique channel since there would not be enough bandwidth allocated to the mobile service.
• Health behaviors are inextricably linked to health and well-being, yet issues like physical inactivity and insufficient sleep remain significant global public health problems.
• Mobile technology has saved time by appropriate use of the technology such as by generating a unique identification number that collects data from all points the patient ever visits.
• Spectrum availability is another crucial consideration, as allocating sufficient spectrum for 5G can be a complex task.

Using mobile devices through proprietary operating systems as a means of communication may increase access to reliable information for physicians . M-health is a comprehensive strategy that uses mobile applications, sensors, social networks, and location tracking technologies to obtain medical data and provide health services and plays a key role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic . Reducing behavioral risk factors such as physical inactivity, poor nutrition, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption would decrease the global burden of disease and lengthen lifespans . Mobile technology is a low-cost and scalable means of measuring behaviors and intervening to reduce health behavior risk factors. Approximately 76% of people in advanced economies own a smartphone, as do a growing proportion (a median of 45%) of individuals in emerging economies .

Future Prospects of Mobile Technology

This information has helped police officers to identify “hot spots” where women feel threatened on the streets, and that information has been used to improve safety in these areas. As this global snapshot demonstrates, the mobile value chain has generated enormous economic and social benefits for both developed and emerging markets. Mobile commerce creates a ripple effect that spreads throughout the global economy. The explosion in Chinese m-commerce is due in large part to Alipay, a mobile payment system that enables consumers to make payments anytime, anywhere.

Therefore, investigating the acceptance and adoption of mobile learning by the middle-aged adults through a systematic literature is important in highlighting the gap for any future work. Mobile health technology allows us to run large-scale studies and collect free-living, multi-dimensional longitudinal data. For example, accelerometer and step count data collected via wearable sensors or smartphones have helped reveal several principles that govern physical activity as it relates to health. Combining mobile technology data with other datasets (e.g., weather, environment, genetics, and economic data) is another powerful approach. The types of strategies used to promote engagement with mobile technology remain limited.